Faoi láthair, tá tionscal déantúsaíochta fótavoltach na hEorpa ar an mbóthar chun athnuachan. Rinne John Lindahl, Rúnaí-Chomhairle Déantúsaíochta Gréine na hEorpa, anailís ar na dúshláin agus na deiseanna atá roimh mhonaróirí fótavoltach Eorpacha agus rinne sé iniúchadh ar conas sraith spriocanna a chruthú le haghaidh slabhra tionscal fótavoltach iomlán de 100GW faoi 2030. .
In 2021, Meyer Burger's 400MW solar module line was officially launched. By 2022, its battery line will expand to 1.4GW, and its module line will expand to 1GW. The final annual production target is 5GW.
While Europe remains one of the world's largest PV installation markets, its once-booming PV manufacturing industry was stalled about a decade ago by rapidly rising Asian rivals.
In 2021, the EU reached an agreement on climate targets to cut net carbon emissions by 55 percent by 2030. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the level of solar energy utilization and the increasingly prominent issue of sustainable development, in the past few years, the call for reviving the EU's photovoltaic manufacturing capacity has become more and more loud. Perhaps, 2022 will give the answer.
In April last year, the European Solar Manufacturing Council (ESMC) said that at least 75 percent of Europe's PV demand should be produced in Europe. However, according to data released by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in its 2021 Photovoltaic Report, although European polysilicon production capacity is 22.1GW in 2020, solar wafer production capacity is only 1.25GW, and solar cell production capacity is only 1.25GW. It is 650MW, and the solar module capacity is 6.75GW. Therefore, there is still a long way to go to realize the revival of the EU photovoltaic manufacturing industry.
Seo thíos anailís a rinne Johan Lindahl, Ard-Rúnaí na Comhairle Eorpaí um Dhéantúsaíocht Gréine ESMC, ar staid reatha na forbartha PV san Eoraip, ar na dúshláin agus na deiseanna atá roimh mhonaróirí PV, agus aithníodh pleananna chun acmhainn scála GW a bhaint amach.
1. Dúshlán:
1) China's intangible and extensive grants, loans, credits and tax support;
2) Tacaíocht dheontais shoiléir agus fhairsing ó SAM agus ón India;
3) Tá imscaradh teicneolaíochta nuálaíochta fótavoltach an AE sa mhargadh áitiúil teoranta, agus níl cearta maoine intleachtúla agus paitinní cosanta i gceart i margadh seachtrach an AE;
4) Tá caighdeáin déantúsaíochta agus saothair fótavoltach na hEorpa dian, ach níl aon chaighdeán comhfhreagrach i margadh seachtrach an AE;
5) Is saincheist struchtúrach iad praghsáil modúl PV a d’fhéadfadh a bheith níos airde agus saincheisteanna slabhra soláthair.
2. Deiseanna:
1) European PV industry production becomes cost-competitive. The price difference between European and Asian products has narrowed due to the current significant increase in production and shipping costs and delivery times for Asian products. For European PV manufacturing to be price-competitive, two conditions must exist, namely GW-scale manufacturing capacity; and a complete European manufacturing value chain. The EU needs to keep the value chain intact to meet at least part of our needs that don't need to be imported, despite the fact that imports are of course still an important factor.
2) Tá an Eoraip fós chun tosaigh i nuálaíocht teicneolaíochta PV, ach amháin má tá an bonn déantúsaíochta tionsclaíoch fós ann. Tá éifeachtacht chomhshó de 18- 22 faoin gcéad ag an teicneolaíocht dromchla cúil alúmanaim cille gréine traidisiúnta (Al BSF) agus tá teicneolaíocht PERC agus a teicneolaíocht éabhlóid á n-ionad faoi láthair, rud a chuireann ar chumas éifeachtacht cealla gréine 20{{6} a bhaint amach. } 24 faoin gcéad , agus an costas a uasghrádú líne a tháirgeadh Measartha. Bunaithe ar theicneolaíocht heterojunction (HJT) nó TOPCon, bainfidh an tríú glúin de chealla fótavoltach ardéifeachtúlachta amach éifeachtúlacht 23-26 faoin gcéad. Faoi láthair, tá a gcostas táirgthe mar an gcéanna le costas cealla PERC, ag 20-30 cent/Wp. Ligeann cadhnraí ard-éifeachtúlachta do chostas iomaíoch nó fiú níos ísle de ghiniúint leictreachais fiú le praghsanna comhpháirteanna níos airde. Sa todhchaí, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tuilleadh feabhsuithe teicneolaíochta, mar shampla cealla perovskite-sileacain tandem le héifeachtúlachtaí níos mó ná 30 faoin gcéad . Tá an dul chun cinn teicneolaíochta seo chun tosaigh fós san Eoraip, ag réiteach an bhealaigh d’imscaradh domhanda PV ar scála terawatta.
3) Tá creat beartais forbartha fadtéarmach don fhuinneamh in-athnuaite san Eoraip bunaithe. Tá an Margadh Glas Eorpach agus tonn na nuálaíochta tar éis muinín a chothú d’infheisteoirí agus d’fhorbróirí.
4) The emergence of sustainable, carbon-neutral eco-design concepts and specific standards under consideration, including recently announced measures to address distortions in foreign subsidies in the EU market, are the driving force behind the EU's transition to a green and innovative energy system and economy. Growing customer concerns about carbon footprints will have a structural impact on PV manufacturing. Compared to current Asian products, using PV modules produced in Europe reduces carbon consumption, avoids long-distance transportation, and better eco-design parameters. The importance of this aspect will increase over the next few years.
5) Cuireann modhanna nua imlonnaithe ina n-ionchorpraítear coincheapa fótavoltach isteach i gcórais chomhtháite ar chumas déantúsaíochta fótavoltach na hEorpa buntáiste iomaíoch a bhaint amach. Tá réitigh nuálacha éagsúla á bhforbairt agus ag fás go tapa i réimsí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear Foirgneamh móide Fótavoltach (BIPV), Feithiclí móide Fótavoltach (VIPV), Comhlacht Snámh móide Fótavoltach (FPV) agus Talmhaíocht móide Fótavoltach (APV). Is féidir le monaróirí PV Eorpacha leas a bhaint as sainriachtanais Eorpacha agus áitiúla, toisc go dteastaíonn réitigh níos aonair ó chórais chomhtháite.
3. Is é seo a leanas an cion de chumas táirgthe domhanda thionscal fótavoltach na hEorpa i ngach nasc den slabhra tionscail i 2020:
1. 11 faoin gcéad de tháirgeadh domhanda sileacain PV: cumas 22.1GW (Elkem agus Wacker)
2. 1 faoin gcéad de tháirgeadh domhanda wafer gréine sileacain PV: cumas 1.25GW (Norsun, Criostail na hIorua agus EDF Photowatt)
3. 0.4 faoin gcéad de tháirgeadh domhanda fótavoltach cille sileacain: 0. Toilleadh 65GW (Solitek/Valoe, Enel, Ecosolifer)
4. 3 faoin gcéad de tháirgeadh modúil domhanda: cumas 6.75GW (29 cuideachta éagsúla)
5. 25 faoin gcéad d'aschur inverter.
In the above scenario, Europe's installed PV capacity in 2020 accounts for 15 percent of the global total. Therefore, if Europe wants to become self-reliant, it needs to step up the production of wafers, cells and modules.
Currently, Europe has a very negative trade deficit in photovoltaic cells and modules. The table below shows the total value of import and export trade of photosensitive semiconductor devices (including photovoltaic cells assembled into modules or panels) and light-emitting diodes in Europe.
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